Advantages
Balanced strength, hardness and wear behavior, good machinability and suitability for specified flame or induction hardening.
Specify the condition the finished part needs
For a carbon-steel shaft or mechanical component, Aria reviews the grade, material condition and critical fits with your drawing. Include any required heat treatment and final surface finish in the enquiry. That lets the quotation address the finished component instead of treating all carbon steel as one stock specification.
Material options
| Property | Details |
|---|---|
| Colors | Steel gray, Black oxide |
| Special properties | Appropriate flame/induction hardening can raise surface hardness. Specify treatment, case depth and final hardness rather than applying one value to all stock. |
Detailed values describe 1045 carbon steel, cold drawn. Family ranges are broader selection references and may include different grades or reinforcement levels. Confirm the selected grade, condition and test method for your part. Melting temperature is not a working-temperature limit; use the mill certificate for the specified alloy and temper.
Material properties
| Property | Metric | Imperial | Test method / conditions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Density | 7.87 g/cm³ | 0.284 lb/in³ | Reference: 1045 carbon steel, cold drawn |
| Tensile Strength UTS | 680 MPa | 98,000 psi | ASTM A108 · Cold drawn · Reference: 1045 carbon steel, cold drawn |
| Yield Strength | 580 MPa | 84,000 psi | ASTM A108 · Cold drawn, 0.2% offset · Reference: 1045 carbon steel, cold drawn |
| Elongation | 13 % | 13 % | ASTM A108 · Cold drawn · Reference: 1045 carbon steel, cold drawn |
| Brinell Hardness | 190 HB | 190 HB | Cold drawn · Reference: 1045 carbon steel, cold drawn |
| Elastic Modulus | 190 GPa | 27×10⁶ psi | Reference: 1045 carbon steel, cold drawn |
| Shear Strength | 410 MPa | 59,000 psi | Cold drawn · Reference: 1045 carbon steel, cold drawn |
| Fatigue Strength | 370 MPa | 53,000 psi | Reference: 1045 carbon steel, cold drawn |
| Thermal Conductivity | ~49 W/m·K | ~28 BTU/h·ft·°F | Room temperature · Reference: 1045 carbon steel, cold drawn |
| CTE | ~12 µm/m·K | ~6.7 µin/in·°F | Reference: 1045 carbon steel, cold drawn |
| Specific Heat | 470 J/kg·K | 0.11 BTU/lb·°F | Reference: 1045 carbon steel, cold drawn |
| Melting Range | 1420~1460 °C | 2590~2660 °F | Solidus–liquidus · Reference: 1045 carbon steel, cold drawn |
Material family ranges — selection reference
| Property | Family reference |
|---|---|
| Material class | Steel |
| Density (g/cm³) | 7.8–7.9 |
| Tensile strength (MPa) | 400–800 |
| Elongation at break (%) | 10–30 |
| Elastic modulus (GPa) | 190–210 |
| Hardness | HB 120–260 |
| Temperature reference (°C) | Melting point 1420–1460 |
Product standards and grade references
| Standard or designation | Scope and selection notes |
|---|---|
| ASTM A108 | Cold-finished carbon and alloy steel bars. |
| ASTM A29 / A29M | General requirements for hot-wrought carbon and alloy steel bars; specify the grade and applicable product requirements. |
| Medium-carbon grade comparison | AISI 1045; JIS S45C; EN C45; GB 45. These are comparison grades: composition limits, delivery condition and mechanical requirements must be checked. |
| Before ordering | Grade names listed for comparison are not a blanket equivalence declaration. Agree the product standard, edition, delivery condition and required certificate before approving a substitution. |
Advantages and considerations
Material limitations
Poor inherent corrosion resistance, limited through-hardening in large sections and lower weldability than low-carbon steel. Finish and storage protection matter.
Applications
Typical applications
Shafts, gears, pins, connecting rods, bolts, spindles and general mechanical structures.
Design considerations
Processing options
CNC milling, turning, drilling, tapping and grinding; specified surface-hardening operations.
Finishing options
Black oxide, zinc/nickel/chrome plating, phosphate or zinc-flake coatings, powder coating, painting and protective oil.
Grade and finish combinations
Apply rust protection promptly. Welding may need preheat and an appropriate procedure. Hot-rolled, cold-drawn, normalized and quenched-and-tempered conditions differ; use alloy steel such as 4140 where greater hardenability is required. Other carbon steels include 1018/1020, 1215/12L14 and A36.
Color and grade options
Natural steel gray. Black oxide, plated, painted or powder-coated finishes.
Hardness after heat treatment
Carbon-steel hardness depends on carbon content, section size and heat treatment. A surface-hardness target above 55 HRC requires a specified hardening route and, where relevant, effective case depth; it does not describe the bulk hardness of all carbon steel. State surface and core requirements separately when they serve different functions.